An Overview of the USA Patriot Act, its impact on local law enforcement, and the potential for net widening Free Essay Example, 1000 words

This showed that American administration that the country was vulnerable to acts of terror, and it was imperative that measures are taken to secure the country’s security. This necessitated the debate on the issue by the country’s congress, which resulted in the enacting of the patriot act. The act had a significant impact in law enforcement and gathering of intelligence in the US. The act enabled the intelligence community and the law enforcers to extend their mandate. This enabled them to take action on terrorists and their accomplices with minimal interference from the law. Before the act, the public enjoyed protection from the constitution, creating a loophole through which terrorists had taken advantage of carrying out acts of terror. The act aimed to remove this barrier, but at the same time act within the confines of the law. Through this action, law enforcement bodies had more depth and capability of efficiently preventing acts of terror, and ensure that justic e is swift for the perpetrators of terrorist acts. Importance of Inter-Disciplinary Study and Research in Law Enforcement Inter-disciplinary studies are essential since they widen the scope of the disciplines enabling individuals to understand more holistically the issues that affect the community. We will write a custom essay sample on An Overview of the USA Patriot Act, its impact on local law enforcement, and the potential for net widening or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Inter-disciplinary studies also help the society understand how the different aspects of life are interrelated (Worley and British and Irish Association of Law Librarians, 2005). The application of law in the lives of human beings facilitates their coexistence. This shows that the discipline of law is not independent, but includes various aspects of humanity (Maharg, 2007). Inter-disciplinary studies involve the drawing of insights from the diverse disciplines in order to have a wider understanding on the issues of law, and how they affect life. This is made possible by interlinking various disciplines that include humanities and the disciplines in social sciences. Law enforcers should be able to understand how law affects the society (Maharg, 2007). This will enable them to understand the gravity of their mandate and the responsibility that comes with their duty. This study will enable the law enforcers to study the significance of law in society, by linking the discipline of law with other relevant disciplines. Trough this action, the law enforcers will have a better understanding in matters regarding their mandate in that they will be better placed to enforce the law. For instance, the law enforcers face numerous challenges while fighting terrorism in that there are social implications when they are carrying out their duties.

Social Reconstruction And Its Impact On Education

Abstract Social Reconstruction is a viewpoint or philosophy of education that centers on utilizing education to eradicate social inequities. Supporters of this theory maintain clear views of education. What the function of the teacher will have to be, what the character of curriculum and will have to be, and what the procedure of guideline inside classrooms should be. The role of the teacher is to generate enlightening and thought-provoking classes so that it will open their students’ perceptions of social inequities. Supporters of Social Reconstruction considers the character of curriculum and assessments will have to be the material that will inform pupils as well as invoke emotions inside them. Finally, they suppose that the process of teaching within the classroom must be student orientated. I think this philosophy is beneficial to our society. Social Reconstruction in Education Establishing an educational philosophy is a prominent part of becoming an instructor. One’s beliefs determine how and what they will teach. I believe that education is a personal, exact experience for each scholar who enters a school room. While reading the assignment material the Philosophical Assessment in Kauchak Eggen: Chapter 5 pg. 169 - 170 (Examining Your Beliefs) I learned that my philosophy of education is Social Reconstruction, which is a philosophy of instruction that centers on utilizing knowledge to get rid of social inequities. Kauchak Eggen describe Social Reconstruction asShow MoreRelatedImpact Of Reconstruction779 Words   |  4 Pages The Impacts of the Reconstruction: Continuity and Change Overcoming human prejudice is one of the most difficult challenges any society has faced throughout human history, and will continue to face in the future. During the post-Civil War time period, Radical Republicans and other societal activists made significant efforts in the realm of civil rights. Throughout the time period, three new constitutional amendments were created, education was expanded, and the black population was able to participateRead More‘the Slaves Went Free and Stood for a Brief Moment in the Sun’ Du Bois; How Valid Is This View?888 Words   |  4 Pagesthe sun’ Du Bois; How valid is this view? In 1865 reconstruction begun with the aim of securing racial equality between blacks and whites in the southern states. Du Bois believes that during this period blacks ‘stood for a brief moment in the sun’. There were significant improvements to black lies that took place during this period such as their freedom of movement, re-unification of family units and improvements in education. However reconstruction also failed to secure racial equality in many waysRead MoreImpact Of The Civil War On African Americans860 Words   |  4 PagesCivil War, was terrifying. Then the Reconstruction era was born to restore, reinstate, and unite the United States as one. During the Reconstruction of 1865 through 1867, African American lives were impacted economically because they were given few rights and their resources were limited, socially because they wanted to be given an ordinary lifestyle, and politically because they weren’t allowed to be joined or linked with the govern ment. The economic impact on African Americans is their rightsRead MoreReconstruction Of Post Disaster Reconstruction Projects896 Words   |  4 PagesPost-disaster reconstruction projects are influenced by administrative, political, social, economic, and cultural settings. The likelihood of success of such projects diminishes if and when systematic recovery plans are absent and the project cost and time overruns. Inadequate relevant policies and legal systems and domination from economically or politically powerful groups/persons in planning and decision making processes further weaken the reconstruction process. Furthermore, ignoring the communicationRead MoreFrom The Reconstruction Era Through 1929 American Changed1441 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the Reconstruction Era through 1929 American changed drastically, economically, socially, and politically. The development of America’s society, economics, and politics is what defined America as a country. Of the three major ways that America developed from the Reconstruction era through 1929, the greatest catalyst for change was the economic developments because the rise and fall of the economy influenced both social and political developments. The development of America’s economy from theRead MoreAfrican American and Black People Essay1273 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical leaders during Reconstruction? Reconstruction brought important social changes to former slaves. Families that had been separated before and during the Civil War were reunited, and slave marriages were formalized through legally recognized ceremonies. Families also took advantage of the schools established by the Freedmens Bureau and the expansion of public education, albeit segregated, under the Reconstruction legislatures. New opportunities for higher education also became available withRead More Characteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction Essay1548 Words   |  7 PagesCharacteristics and Impacts of American Reconstruction The key goals of Reconstruction were to readmit the South into the Union and to define the status of freedmen in American society. The Reconstruction era was marked by political, not violent, conflict. Some historical myths are that the South was victimized by Reconstruction, and that the various plans of Reconstruction were corrupt and unjust. Actually, the plans were quite lenient, enforcing military rule for only a short periodRead MoreUs History Midterm Review777 Words   |  4 Pages 6. Identify the two houses of Congress and the term length of each. 7. What percentage of Congress has to vote to override a veto? Reconstruction: What was Reconstruction? 1. Who assassinated President Lincoln? 2. What were Black Codes and in what ways did they discriminate against freed slaves? 3. What were the Reconstruction Amendments? Be able to identify each of the three. 4. What was the purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau? 5. What was the 10% Plan? WhoRead MoreSlavery And United States Rights1133 Words   |  5 Pagesand behavior. Children who lived in northern states were able to receive their education, convicts could serve their sentences, and people could have been buried in cemeteries but on major thing is that they all had to be segregated. African Americans that lived in the southern states lived their life in feared of violence and racism. Many endured mobs lynching, whipped and branded with hot iron. When the Reconstruction period started many Americans believed that everyone should have the same constitutionalRead MoreJim Crow Laws Essay1613 Words   |  7 Pageslaws and customs that imposed racial segregation and discrimination on Africans†, Jim Crow Laws were ubiquitous in America from the 1860’s to the 1960’s (Jim Crow Movement). These Jim Crow Laws came into effect after the end of the Reconstruction Era and restricted the social, political and economic rights o f African Americans. Unlike the De Jure Segregation of Jim Crow Laws, Jim Crow Etiquette represented the De Facto Segregation in America-- segregation based on customs and practices rather than law

Fullers Leila - 2374 Words

Methodological Introduction New historicism is premised upon an ideological attempt to wed the practice of history and literary criticism. In this type of textual analysis, the literary work is juxtaposed with historical events (characteristic of the time period in which the work was produced) in an effort to understand the implications within the text. This line of inquiry serves to recover a historical consciousness which may be utilized in the rendering of literary theory. Poems and novels came to be seen in isolation, as urnlike objects of precious beauty. The new historicists, whatever their differences and however defined, want us to see that even the most unlike poems are caught in a web of historical conditions,†¦show more content†¦Fullers role as a nineteenth century intellectual, influential to American society, and her conceptualization of gender norms, as conveyed in Leila may be studied in an effort to historicize alternative forms of the gender construct, which emerged during this era. L iterary deconstructive techniques provide a methodology in order to access the contradictions and tension present within Fullers gender conceptualization and perception of intellectual roles. However, such techniques are not reflective of an adequate historical analysis, in that the assumption of some degree of universality and application of a framework which is contingent upon a methodology contextualized to the present seems to produce an analysis which is reflective of an intrinsic bias. The examination of Margaret Fullers biography in the context of her specific gender conceptualization ultimately lends to the analysis of the manifestation of this ideology within her work. In order to discuss the historical context which surrounded Fullers Leila, it is important to situate Fuller within the collective notion of Transcendentalism. Fullers alternative conceptualization of the gender norm cannot be separated from her history as an intellectual. For Fuller, a large part of her

Essay about geoffrey chaucers use of sarcasm to describe...

Geoffrey Chaucers use of sarcasm to describe his characters. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Geoffrey Chaucer used sarcasm to describe his characters in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales.† It will point out details that are seen in the book that help explain how he used this sarcasm to prove a point and to teach life lessons sometimes. I will also point out how this sarcasm was aimed at telling the reader his point of view about how corrupt the Catholic Church was. Chaucer uses an abundance of sarcasm, as opposed to seriousness, to describe his characters in â€Å"The Canterbury Tales.† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Chaucer did not begin working on â€Å"The Canterbury Tales† until he was in his early 40s. Chaucer took his†¦show more content†¦Phoebus was heart-broken and in a fury killed his wife. (188) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Now, you can see the sarcasm in this tale already by looking at the way he said â€Å"free spirit† and then â€Å"caged animal† to describe her. One of these statements is not true and is just another sarcastic remark. At first, the reader can’t tell if Phoebus really cares and watches over her or if he just doesn’t care at all. But, as you read on, you can obviously tell that he did really care and probably tried to watch over her as much as he could. But Chaucer once again uses sarcasm to get his point across. And that point is that no matter how much we try to control a person, who has free will, they will always have their own thoughts and opinions, or in this case, feelings. So Chaucer used a sarcastic way of saying that Phoebus tried to guard her like she was a caged animal, and keep her locked up, but she still found a way to do what she wanted to do because nobody can be watched and controlled like a caged animal. Their wil l always be free will. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Chaucer uses sarcasm, once again, this time to describe the Summoner. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There lived a limiter in Holderness, a marshy region in Yorkshire, who used to go around preaching to people and begging for alms. (95) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"He was a drunkard who did nothing but scream in Latin and kidsShow MoreRelatedGeoffrey Chaucers Use of Sarcasm to Describe His Characters1779 Words   |  8 PagesGeoffrey Chaucers use of sarcasm to describe his characters. Geoffrey Chaucer used sarcasm to describe his characters in The Canterbury Tales. It will point out details that are seen in the book that help explain how he used this sarcasm to prove a point and to teach life lessons sometimes. I will also point out how this sarcasm was aimed at telling the reader his point of view about how corrupt the Catholic Church was. Chaucer uses an abundance of sarcasm, as opposed to seriousness, to describeRead MoreTheme Of Feudal Class In The Canterbury Tales1218 Words   |  5 Pagescompany (lines 711-14). Geoffrey Chaucer explains to his readers that he has given a full description of each of his fellow pilgrims in his General Prologue to The Canterbury Tales. Along with naming each character, he provides their profession which classifies each pilgrim into one of three social classes: the religious class, the merchant class, or feudal order. Chaucer provides a social commentary of the major social classes of his day, and though he criticizes characte rs from each class, he mostRead MoreTones, Moods, and Irony in the Canterbury Tales833 Words   |  4 PagesForms of speech and intonation are extremely important to capture the attention of the audience, whether it is in writing or spoken aloud. In literature, the author uses some literary devices to entice the reader and extract some sort of reaction from him or her. Tone is a literary technique that shows the author’s attitude towards the audience or reader. The tone of a literary work can be informal, formal, serious, angry, playful, intimate, etc. Similar to tone is mood, which is the createdRead MoreUse Of Satire In Canterbury Tales1301 Words   |  6 Pagesanalysis of Chaucer’s use of satire to reach his intended audience in his Canterbury Tales) Satire is defined as â€Å"the use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of contemporary politics and other topical issues† (Oxford). Another term that people would be more familiar with to describe this would be sarcasm. Language can be utilized in a nasty way, especially when wanting to demoralize another. Sarcasm is evil in andRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucer View and Change on Judgement968 Words   |  4 Pagesorganization. Geoffrey Chaucer is one of these people, but he actually did something about it. He had problems with some social aspects during the 1300s which included the church, gender differences, and hypocrisy. He wrote about these problems in a set of tales widely known as The Canterbury Tales. The first is The General Prologue which describes a pilgrimage to Canterbury that many people endure, but on this specific journey, twenty-nine different people travel together to Canterbur y. He uses two typesRead MoreSub--Chaucer art of characterization as found in prologue of Canterbury by marufa sultana.2939 Words   |  12 PagesChaucer begins the Prologue with a beautiful announcement of spring. This introduction is the voice of the Poet, polished, elegant, and finished. He tells us that just as Nature has a predictable course through the seasons, so does human nature follow a seasonal pattern, which causes people to want to break out of winters confinement and go traveling in the spring. Thus the stage is set for Chaucer, who is the Narrator of this poem. Twenty-nine travelers meet at the Tabard Inn in London beforeRead More Masculinity in The Wife of Baths Prologue and Tale Essay2175 Words   |  9 Pages  Ã‚   The Wife of Bath, with the energy of her vernacular and the voraciousness of her sexual appetite, is one of the most vividly developed characters of The Canterbury Tales. At 856 lines her prologue, or preambulacioun as the Summoner calls it, is the longest of any of the pilgrims, and matches the General Prologue but for a few lines. Evidently Chaucer is infatuated with Alisoun, as he plays satirically with both gender and class issues through the Wifes robust rhetoric. Scholars and studentsRead More Contradictions in Chaucers The Canterbury Tales Essay3897 Words   |  16 PagesEglentine, Chaucer?s Prioress, demonstrates an excellent example of the clash between divergent values. In many ways, her description in the General Prologue personifies the model medieval woman: religious, elegant, innocent, loving and sentimental. Yet clearly there is a vast contrast between her description and the vicious, anti-Semitic account of the young boy mutilated in the Ghetto. It is this contrast which points out the ?binaries? or opposites which make up the Prioress?s character. Her tale

The Effects Of Advertising On Society Essay - 573 Words

The Effects of Advertising on Society nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Fr. Kavanaugh was on the mark when describing the effects of advertising on society. Our moral values are being degraded by the bombardment of impropriety by the media. Adler would be quick in pointing out the reason why these messages have such a negative effect on people. There are two main tactics advertisers use to sell their product: either imply that their product will bring about the achievement of a particular (usually real) good, or make their product the object of desire, therefore making it an apparent good to people. The problem with associating products with the achievement of a good lies more in the realm of truth than in good, because it lies in whether†¦show more content†¦Though these products are by no means needs, the associations make people believe that the advertised product embodies the good they need, and to achieve that good they must buy the product. Companies dont advertise perfumes, for example; they advertise relationship s. They dont advertise clothing; they advertise independence. Slowly, as people hear these messages more and more, they start associating more importance to the product than to the good involved, like a sort of idol-worship -- and here is where the real problems set in. Now that advertisers have people sold on the product, they can influence peoples desires. This is what Fr. Kavanaugh saw when he said that advertising is damaging societys moral values. Calvin Klein, for example, has already become one of those companies whose product has become more important than the good they represent -- in other words, Calvin Klein products are now in and of themselves the good some people try to achieve. Thus, when their ads show immoral situations or actions (like the infamous child pornography ads that spurred many debates and a lawsuit against the company), people associate these immoral actions with the quot;goodquot; Calvin Klein products, and people will slowly grow desensitized to them. Advertising, therefore, plays a notable role in the moral growth -- or stunting --Show MoreRelatedEffect Of Advertising On Society Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesTalking about advertising, on the one hand, it is good for its functions, displays, etc.; on the other hand, sometimes it is too good to be true, the way they bring the messages to the consumers whic h state â€Å"the number one †¦Ã¢â‚¬ . What truly are the miscommunications and how do the viewers react to different types of stimulation among those, are there negative or positive results? This review of literature scope was led by the following question: When it comes to communication and advertising are there positiveRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effects On Society844 Words   |  4 Pageslogo, and flyers left on windshields as a form of advertising (2011, p.130). According to Medoff and Kaye, advertising serves an educational, social and economic purpose (2011, p.137). Although advertising appears beneficial in many features, it too has its drawbacks and can be similarly unfavorable. Advertising will perhaps become increasingly ubiquitous, increasingly influential, and increasingly controversial (Advertising, 2011, p.152). Advertising is highly criticized, not so much for its very natureRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effects On Society1167 Words   |  5 PagesCome To Advertising has found ways to be subtle about how they go about demeaning and dehumanizing different genders, races, ages, ethnicities, cultures, and sexual orientations. Society would like to believe that advertising has improved from the days of showing women’s place in the kitchen and only having light skinned models but now advertising companies have just become sneakier and wittier about the way they portray people and the worst part is that society encourages it. Society, as a wholeRead MoreThe Effect Of Advertising On Society1911 Words   |  8 Pagespromotions as they see it as an essential tool in an increasingly capitalistic free market to fuel economic growth. Unfortunately, the surge of unchecked advertising has lead to some adverse effects on societies whether they be moral or ethical in nature. The SAFRA gym advertisement, is an impeccable example of the adverse effects of advertising in today’s society. The advertisement depicts a lean woman who is wear ing purple tank top and tight black leggings working out uncomfortably, as two men watched herRead MoreAdvertising And Its Effect On Society1442 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct. Although sometimes advertising can be quite annoying, it can also help in persuading you to buy a product or service. You may be looking for a specific product for a specific purpose or maybe you have heard of a product simply through its exemplary advertising. There are different viewpoints to advertising and many different ways that it appeals and relates to us as individuals and as a society. Today, in order for the advertisements to stay true to their advertising, there has been a set ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On The Society936 Words   |  4 Pagesmarket; conversely competition can go too far or form into something entirely different. In addition, some companies will do anything to boost sales even if that means sacrificing common etiquette or logic to the masses and against their rivals. Adv ertising is always evolving and adapting, and for now companies and their advertisers through their advertisements are appearing more cynical and critical by the day. Competition has been a motivating force since man was created. It is a driving pressureRead MoreEssay on The Effects of Advertising on Society 1585 Words   |  7 PagesIn a society where malls have replaced parks, churches and community gatherings, many people no longer take time to meet their neighbors; people move frequently as though cities are products to be tried, like differing brands of shampoo. These unfortunate occurrences can be the result of many causes, one of them being advertising. Advertising is designed to foster a desire to purchase goods and services, yet it is much deeper than that—advertising is a system of effective manipulation that twistsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Advertising On Society713 Words   |  3 PagesSociety is constantly being exposed to loads of information through advertisements, but not many people stop to think of the effects of such exposure. Consumer’s lack of regard for the information thrown at them is a gateway for shady c orporations to poison innocent minds. Society has an unknown poison- advertisement. Massive corporations get away with influencing the minds of unsuspecting masses by merely stating that advertisements from their company simply inform the public. Advertising can haveRead MoreThe Effects Of Advertising On Our Society1504 Words   |  7 Pagesunrealistic ideology of body perfection. This kind of product pushing comes with many different side effects that we as a consumer, might not realize. It is so detrimental that it becomes imbedded in your subconscious. Technology has made it to the point where it’s hard to tell what is real and fake. Advertising has created a pandemic in the way we view the body image of ourselves and the opposite sex in society. The â€Å"perfect† image is damaging to people causing an alarming growth in the form of psychologicalRead MorePhotography in Advertising and Its Effects on Society3789 Words   |  16 Pagesfocused on documenting dying t raditions, practices, and ways of life. In 1874, the Society for Photographing the Relics of Old London was founded. In 1897 the National Photographic Record Association was founded by Sir Benjamin Stone with the aim of documenting dying rural ceremonies and traditional festivals in England.(McQuire 125) Even as early as 1855, Sir Fredrick Pollock, in a speech to the Photographic Society of London stressed the importance of the camera in its role to forever preserve

Natural Monopoly Identification and Regulation

Question: Discuss about the Natural Monopoly Identification and Regulation. Answer: Introduction: According to Vikharev (2013), a natural monopoly exists in an industry when the only firm experiences are decreasing cost condition over a long range of output due to economies of scale. In this situation, if the market is divided among more than one firm, then average cost (AC) will be higher. Therefore, from the point of view of cost minimization, it is better that only one firm should exist in such an industry. From the point of view of Stiglitz Rosengard (2015), it can be notified that natural monopoly exists in public utility services such as transport, communication, and supply of electricity, fuel, water and much more. In this perspective, the government of the concerned country intervenes in the market and regulates the market price at that point where the demand curve cuts the average total cost curve. The main reason behind the fact is that it covers the unwanted loss in the economy. As argued by Nizovtseva (2013), the cost-benefit analysis is the main motive of the government. In this research essay, the regulation of the government in the natural monopoly has been critically analyzed along with the cost-benefit approach. Discussion: To critically analyze the reason of government regulation in the natural monopoly, the researcher needs to consider the equilibrium condition and profit maximization point of the monopoly market. According to Minamihashi (2012), a monopoly is said to prevail if there is a single seller in the market for a product which has no close substitutes and there are barriers to entry and exit. Apart from this, sometimes the size of the market may be such as not to support more than one firm of optimum size (Saglam, 2016). The examples are transport, electricity, telephone, fuel and water. There are substantial economies which can be reaped at a large scale of output. A single firm can supply the desired output at a lower cost than two or smaller forms can. These types of firms are known as natural monopolies (Soda Carlone, 2013). In the monopoly market, the short-run equilibrium of a monopolist occurs at the point where Marginal Revenue (MR) = Marginal Cost (MC) and the slope of MR is less than the slope of MC. As per this figure, the short-run equilibrium point under monopoly market is E at which the above stated two conditions are satisfied. As a result, the equilibrium price is p* and the equilibrium quantity is q* under the monopoly market. On the other hand, as per this figure, the ATC is less than the equilibrium price of monopoly (p*). Thus, the rectangular area p*cdf represents the profit of the monopoly firm under short-run. In this situation, both the MC and ATC is upward rising, and the monopoly firm attains the supernormal profit. Therefore, the government has no power to regulate its equilibrium price and quantity (Wang Yang, 2012). In the case of long-run also, monopoly firm achieves the profit, and there is no need to government regulation for setting the price according to its opinion. According to this figure, the long-run equilibrium is at the point E at which MR = LMC = LAC = SMC = SAC and change in MR are less than the change in MC. The rectangular area p*cEd represents the profit of the monopoly under long-run. In this perspective, it can be notified that the amount of long-run profit is much higher than the amount of short-run (Yang, Tang Nehorai, 2013). On the contrary, the above situation is slightly differed in the case of natural monopoly. According to Nizovtseva (2014), a natural monopoly is a firm that can produce the entire output of the market at a cost which is lower than what it would be if there were several firms. This situation usually arises when there are strong economies of scale (Belousova, Bushanskiy, Livchits Vasilieva, 2015). As a result, the Long Run Average Cost falls (LAC) over the entire range of output and in this respect, LMC always lies below in LAC. In short, both the LMC and LAC curves are downward sloping. Now, given the market demand curve and corresponding MR curve, the equilibrium price and output are p* and q* respectively. In the context of the above figure, if the firms are unregulated, then, it would produce the potential output at q* level and charged the price at p*. The monopoly equilibrium point is E at which the equilibrium conditions are satisfied. However, if the monopolist is a private producer, then the government of a country attempts to control the price and output. As opined by Khan (2014), the main reason behind the fact is that the motive of the private producer is to earn a profit. On the contrary, in the case of natural monopolies, public utility services such as communication, infrastructure, and transport, the supply of electricity, water and fuel are not profit earning projects. As a result, government intervention is needed to eliminate the dead weight loss from the economy (Carvalho Marques, 2014). If the government wants to fix the price equal to MC which is same as the competitive price, then the equilibrium price will be reduced, and output will be increased. Now, the equilibrium point is at E1 at which the corresponding price is P1, and the quantity is Q1. On the contrary, as per this figure, at the equilibrium point E1, the monopolist will incur a loss. In this situation, the price could not cover the LAC. At the point E1, P = LMC LAC. The loss is represented by the rectangular colored area P1C1C2E1. As a result, as per the view of Belousova, Bushanskiy, Livchits Vasilieva (2015), to avoid the pure economic losses, the firm would go out of business. Thus, to make it stay in business, the concerned government of the country should provide a subsidy to the monopolist. This subsidy also compensates the pure economic loss. However, in the words of Hawley (2015), the provision of subsidy from general tax revenue involves the increased government expenditure. As a result, the government may not adapt such a policy always. As per the view of Carvalho Marques (2014), this policy is known as Marginal Cost Pricing (MC Pricing). On the other hand, the concerned government may set the price at P2 which is equal to LAC. In this case, the equilibrium is achieved at the point of E2 where the AR curve and the LAC curve intersect to each other. The equilibrium level of output is much less than the amount of output in the case of MC pricing. Moreover, at the same time, the price will be higher than MC. In this figure, the price is P2 under AC Pricing which is much higher than the price level, P1 under MC pricing. In this perspective, as per the view of Guha (2016), the monopoly firm neither earns any monopoly profit nor suffers losses. The achieved amount of output, Q2 is large enough as it can exist without driving the firm out of business. According to Preston (2012), it is known as Average Cost Pricing (AC Pricing). It can be pointed out that there is, of course, some dead weight loss in the economy, but the amount of dead weight loss is less than the dead weight loss under monopoly pricing. In other words, as per the view of Wang Yang (2012), both the equilibrium price and output under AC pricing are less desirable than those under MC pricing. Furthermore, under AC pricing there will be some loss in the welfare of the buyers. On the contrary, in the words of Yang, Tang Nehorai (2013), to avoid the extra expenditure, the concerned government may adapt the AC pricing. In this perspective, it may be noted here that to adapt a proper pricing policy for controlling the natural monopoly, the associated market demand curve and the cost function of the private producer who is the monopolist must be known to the government (Starc, 2014). In the absence of such knowledge, control of natural monopoly by the government is not possible. As a result, the government in most of the cases supplies such services so that the private monopoly does not exist (Vikharev, 2013). In this consequence, it can be notified that under monopoly market situation, the firm faces some dead weight loss and both the price and output are not so much significant compare to the price and output under perfect competition (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). According to this figure, the firm under the monopoly market faces a high price, and low level of the output compare to the firm under the perfect competition. With the help of cost and benefit analysis of consumer surplus and producer surplus, it can be pointed out that the triangle are b and c are the dead weight loss in the economy. The sum of these triangles (b + c) indicates the pure economic loss of the economy. As a result, the concerned government intervenes in the market to correct and regulate the market so that the economic loss is eliminated (Nizovtseva, 2014). By referring to the above analysis, it can be inferred that the primary motive of the government is to eliminate the dead weight loss from the economy. Now, in the case of natural monopoly, public utility services are delivered. The private producer, as well as the monopolistic firm, cannot be able to produce the socially optimum level of output alone (Soda Carlone, 2013). The public utility services such as telephone companies, gas pipelines, railroads, electric services, fuel, and water are not instant profit earning projects. Moreover, in the words of Nizovtseva (2013), the Marginal Private Benefit (MPB) is lower than the Marginal Social Benefit (MSB) which can be mitigated by the regulation of the government of the country in the form of subsidy. Now, in the case of MC pricing, P = MC which indicates that if demand increases, the electricity utility cannot be able to supply the desired quantity demanded (Saglam, 2016). Therefore, it ensures to increase the price to the point at which the existing capacity is equal to the quantity demanded. Now, in that situation, LAC is greater than P. Therefore, a huge amount of loss is incurred which is borne by the government (Minamihashi, 2012). Thus, to get rid of this unwanted burden, the government prefers to choose the AC pricing. Though there is some dead weight loss, the pure economic loss can be eliminated. Conclusion: Based on the above analysis of the regulation of natural monopolies, it can be concluded that AC pricing is more preferable than the MC pricing. One of the drawbacks of monopoly market is that it incurs dead weight loss compare to the perfect competition market structure. As a result, the government wants to regulate its price as well as quantity to eliminate the dead weight loss. In this perspective, a natural monopoly is that type of firm which experiences the decreasing cost condition over a long range of output. This can be done due to the presence of economies of scale. Moreover, the cost minimization process is better if the only one firm exists in the market rather than more firms. In short, the natural monopolies serve the public utility services. In this perspective, the private producer cannot be able to achieve the socially optimum level of output during the production of this type of service. Thus, the government regulation is needed efficiently to control both the price and quantity. If the government sets its price at the point of MC pricing, then a huge amount of pure economic loss is incurred which is unwanted. Therefore, to set the price at the point of AC pricing is a better decision as there is no economic loss. However, there exists some dead weight loss, but not so much significant. Reference List: Belousova, N. I., Bushanskiy, S. P., Livchits, V. N., Vasilieva, E. M. (2015). Modern Approaches to Natural Monopoly Identification and Regulation under Russian Economic Reform.Current Politics and Economics of Russia, Eastern and Central Europe,30(1/2), 35. Carvalho, P., Marques, R. C. (2014). Computing economies of vertical integration, economies of scope and economies of scale using partial frontier nonparametric methods.European Journal of Operational Research,234(1), 292-307. Guha, B. (2016). Moral Hazard, Bertrand Competition, and Natural Monopoly. Hawley, E. W. (2015).The New Deal and the problem of monopoly. Princeton University Press. Khan, N. Z. (2014). Natural Monopoly, Public Trust and Vested Interests: Case of Power Sector in Pakistan.Policy Perspectives: The Journal of the Institute of Policy Studies,11(2), 29-56. Minamihashi, N. (2012). Natural monopoly and distorted competition: evidence from unbundling fiber-optic networks. Nizovtseva, I. (2013). Index of the economic interaction effectiveness between the natural monopoly and regions. I. Math Model. Nizovtseva, I. (2014). Generalization index of the economic interaction effectiveness between the natural monopoly and regions in the case of multiple simultaneous projects.Applied Mathematical Sciences,8(25), 1223-1230. Preston, J. (2012). Beyond the quiet life of a natural monopoly: Regulatory challenges ahead for Europes rail sector.Brussels: Centre on Regulation in Europe, Issue paper,2. Saglam, I. (2016). Regulating a Manager?controlled Natural Monopoly with Unknown Costs.Managerial and Decision Economics. Soda, G., Carlone, A. (2013). Cultural Change, Reorganization and Diversification (19962002): The Search for a New Identity. InNational Monopoly to Successful Multinational(pp. 25-42). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Starc, A. (2014). Insurer pricing and consumer welfare: Evidence from medigap.The RAND Journal of Economics,45(1), 198-220. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Vikharev, S. (2013). Verification of mathematical model of development cooperation programs between natural monopoly and regional authorities. Wang, X., Yang, H. (2012). Bisection-based trial-and-error implementation of marginal cost pricing and tradable credit scheme.Transportation Research Part B: Methodological,46(9), 1085-1096. Yang, P., Tang, G., Nehorai, A. (2013). A game-theoretic approach for optimal time-of-use electricity pricing.IEEE Transactions on Power Systems,28(2), 884-892.

Business Plan Fashion Star Boutique

Question: Discuss about the Business Planfor Fashion Star Boutique. Answer: The business model of Fashion Star Boutique is as follows: Key partners: The key are partners are the suppliers and customers Key activities: The key activities include designing of fashionable dresses following the latest trends of fashion, along with considering the customers demands (Drucker, 2014). Value proposition: The core values include the supply of the best clothes and fashion accessories to the customers, and ensure customer satisfaction. Customer relationship: The relationship established by the customers is a positive one and the boutique targets towards the establishment of strong customer relations. Moreover, customer loyalty needs to be ensured by introducing attractive offers to the customers (Franke et al., 2013). Customer segment: The customer segments who are targeted by the boutique are the high class people and the people who are fashion conscious. Key resources: The key resources are the efficient employees of the company (Drucker, 2014). . Distribution channel: The distribution channel includes the online access as well as the in house stores of the boutique. Cost structure: The most costly resources of the business includes the materials of the clothes and the materials of the other fashion accessories. Revenue stream: Since the clothes are very fashionable and modern, hence the customers are willing to pay very high prices as well (Drucker, 2014). However, the mode of payment preferred by the customers is the online payment mode, using cards or internet banking facilities. This in brief is the business plan of the Fashion Star Boutique. The key partners and the key activities have been identified, along with the cost structure and the revenue streams of the boutique. References Drucker, P. (2014).Innovation and entrepreneurship. Routledge. Franke, N., Harhoff, D., Henkel, J., Hussler, C. (2013).Innovation und Entrepreneurship. Springer/Gabler.